Pilot Syllabus
AIES
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View the whole sectionChicago Convention (ICAO Doc 7300): Sovereignty, ICAO Structure, and SARPsInternational Air Law Conventions: Freedoms of the Air, Tokyo, Warsaw, and MontrealGlobal Aviation Organizations: ICAO, EASA, and IATA RolesEuropean Aviation Regulation: Basic Regulation, EASA Hard Law, and Soft Law
View the whole sectionCertificate of Airworthiness (CofA): Issuance, Validity, and State ResponsibilitiesICAO Annex 7: Aircraft Nationality and Registration MarksAircraft Identification Mark Placement: Annex 7 Wing, Fuselage, and Tail Rules
View the whole sectionPart-FCL Pilot Licensing: Privileges, Ratings, and Document RequirementsPart-MED Medical Certification: Classes, Validity, and Fitness to Fly
View the whole sectionICAO Annex 2 and SERA Overview: Scope, Definitions, and Aerodrome OperationsRules of the Air: PIC Responsibility, Preflight Duties, and Collision AvoidanceGeneral Rules of the Air: Flight Plans, Lights, SSR Codes, and Lost CommunicationsVisual Flight Rules (VFR): VMC Minima, SVFR, and VFR-to-IFR TransitionInstrument Flight Rules (IFR): Minimum Levels, Equipment, and Vertical SeparationInterception of Civil Aircraft: Procedures, Signals, and Emergency Communications
View the whole sectionPANS-OPS Definitions and Abbreviations: Protection Areas, Segments, and TolerancesInstrument Departure Procedures (Doc 8168): Omnidirectional, Straight, and Turning DeparturesInstrument Approach Procedures: Segments, Minima, and Missed Approach CriteriaHolding Procedures (Doc 8168): Entry Sectors, Timing, and DME Distance RulesAltimeter-Setting Procedures: Transition Altitude, Transition Level, and QNH/FL ReferencesParallel Instrument Runway Operations: Independent, Dependent, and Segregated ModesSSR Transponder Procedures: Mode C Operation, Emergency Codes, and ACAS/TCASRegulation (EU) No 965/2012: Air Operations Structure and Applicable Parts
View the whole sectionICAO Annex 11 Air Traffic Services: Objectives, Airspace Classes, and ATS StructureICAO Doc 4444 Air Traffic Management: Separation, Clearances, and Contingency Procedures
View the whole sectionAIS Introduction (Annex 15): Definition, State Responsibilities, and Service AvailabilityAnnex 15 Definitions: Movement Area, SNOWTAM, and ASHTAM ReportingAIS General Provisions: Integrated Information Package and Movement Area ReportingAIS Products and Services: AIP, NOTAM, AIC, and AIRAC CycleATM/ANS Service Providers: EU Common Requirements and Oversight
View the whole sectionAerodrome General Concepts: Reference Code and Runway Surface ConditionsAerodrome Data (AD): Pavement Strength, Declared Distances, and Friction CodesAerodrome Physical Characteristics: RESA, Stopway, Clearway, and Holding PositionsAerodrome Visual Aids for Navigation: PAPI, ALS, and Runway LightingVisual Obstacle Marking Aids: Mobile Objects, Fixed Obstacles, and Marker BallsRestricted-Use Area Markings: Non-Load-Bearing Surfaces and Chevron AreasAerodrome Operational Services: RFF Response, Apron Management, and Refuelling SafetyAerodrome Supplementary Guidance: Declared Distances, Lighting Reference, and Sign Colors
View the whole sectionICAO Annex 9 Facilitation: Entry/Departure Documentation and Inadmissible Person Procedures
View the whole sectionEssential SAR Definitions: INCERFA, ALERFA, DETRESFA, and RCCSAR Organization: State Responsibilities, SRR Design, and International CooperationNon-SAR Crew Procedures: Distress Signal Interception and On-Scene CoordinationSearch and Rescue Signals: Ground-Air Codes and Acknowledgement Procedures
View the whole sectionICAO Annex 17 Essential Definitions: Security Control, Screening, and Aircraft ChecksAnnex 17 General Principles: National and Airport Security OrganizationPreventive Security Measures: Screening, Weapon Control, and Rescreening RulesResponse Management to Unlawful Interference: Hijacking and Commander PowersOperators' Security Programme: Annex 17 Requirements for Commercial and General AviationSecurity Procedures Across ICAO Annexes and EU Rules: Annexes 2, 6, 14 and Doc 4444
View the whole sectionAnnex 13 Essential Definitions: Accident, Incident, and Serious IncidentAccident Investigation under ICAO Annex 13: Objective, Responsibilities, and RightsEU Accident and Incident Framework: Regulations 376/2014 and 996/2010
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View the whole sectionAircraft System Design and Structural Safety ConceptsAircraft Loads, Stresses, and Structural Inspection FundamentalsAircraft Fatigue and Corrosion: Causes, Detection, and PreventionAircraft Maintenance Philosophies: Hard-Time and On-Condition
View the whole sectionAircraft Structural Attachment Methods: Bonding and RivetingAircraft Material Selection: Composites, Metal Alloys, and CorrosionAircraft Wing, Tail, and Control Surface Structural DesignAircraft Fuselage Structure, Flight Deck Windows, and Pilot Eye PositionAircraft Structural Limitations: MZFM, Load Factors, and Fatigue Cycles
View the whole sectionAircraft Hydromechanics Fundamentals: Pressure, Force, and ActuationAircraft Hydraulic Systems: Fluids, Pumps, Valves, and Monitoring
View the whole sectionAircraft Landing Gear Systems: Operation, Locking, and Emergency ExtensionAircraft Nose-Wheel and Main-Wheel Steering SystemsAircraft Brake Systems: Auto-Brake, RTO, and Anti-Skid LogicAircraft Wheels and Tyres: Inspection, Wear, and Thermal Protection
View the whole sectionAircraft Primary Flight Controls: Reversible vs Irreversible SystemsAircraft Secondary Flight Controls: Flaps, Slats, and Trim SystemsFly-by-Wire Flight Control Laws: Normal, Alternate, and Direct Modes
View the whole sectionAircraft Pneumatic Bleed-Air Supply SystemsAircraft Pressurization and Air Conditioning System Fundamentals
View the whole sectionAircraft Anti-Icing and De-Icing Systems: Types and OperationAircraft Ice Warning Systems and Detection Technologies
View the whole sectionPiston Engine Fuel System FundamentalsTurbine Engine Fuel System Fundamentals
View the whole sectionGeneral, Definitions, Basic ApplicationsAircraft Electrical Batteries and Thermal Runaway ProtectionAircraft Electrical Power Generation SystemsAircraft Electrical Power Distribution SystemsAircraft Electrical Motors and Control Principles
View the whole sectionFundamentals of Piston Engine OperationPiston Engine Fuel Properties and ManagementEngine Fuel PumpsCarburettor & Injection SystemsCooling SystemsPiston Engine Lubrication Systems: Wet-Sump and Dry-SumpPiston Engine Ignition Circuits: Magnetos and Impulse CouplingFuel-Air Mixture Control in Piston EnginesAircraft Propellers: Constant Speed, Feathering, and Critical EnginePiston Engine Performance and Handling: MAP, Turbocharging, and FADEC
View the whole sectionFundamentals of Turbine Engine OperationGas Turbine Main Engine Components: Compressor, Combustor, Turbine, and ExhaustGas Turbine Additional Systems: Accessory Gearbox, Ignition, Starting, and FADECGas Turbine Engine Operation and Monitoring: Parameters, Idle Logic, and Start AnomaliesGas Turbine Performance Aspects: Flat Rating, Flex Temperature, and EPRAuxiliary Power Unit (APU): Functions, Control, and Protection
View the whole sectionAircraft Smoke Detection SystemsAircraft Fire Protection Systems: Detection, Extinguishing, and ProceduresAircraft Rain Protection Systems: Wipers, Repellents, and Hydrophobic Coatings
View the whole sectionAircraft Oxygen Systems: Flight Crew, Passenger, and Protective Equipment
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View the whole sectionAircraft Pressure Gauges: Aneroid, Bellows, and Bourdon ApplicationsAircraft Temperature Sensing: Scale Conversion and CSD MonitoringFuel Quantity Indication: Float and Capacitance Gauging SystemsFuel Flowmeters: Volumetric vs Gravimetric Flow and Fuel-Used IntegrationAircraft Tachometers: Mechanical, Electrical, and Electronic RPM SensingJet Thrust Measurement: N1 and EPR Indication with Sensor Cross-CheckEngine Torquemeter Systems: Phase-Shift Torque Measurement PrinciplesSynchroscope Operation: Multi-Engine Propeller RPM SynchronizationEngine Vibration Monitoring (EVM): Accelerometers, Filtering, and Alerts
View the whole sectionPitot-Static Pressure Measurement: Static, Total, and Dynamic PressureAir Temperature Measurement: SAT, TAT, and Ram RiseAngle-of-Attack (AoA) Measurement: Sensors, Heating, and Failure ModesAltimeter Fundamentals: Static Pressure, Subscale Settings, and ErrorsVertical Speed Indicator (VSI/IVSI): Principle, Lag, and Turning ErrorAirspeed Indicator (ASI): IAS, CAS, TAS, and Pitot-Static ErrorsMachmeter Operation: Mach Number, Pressure Ratios, and Speed MarginsAir Data Computer (ADC): Inputs, Outputs, and TAS Computation Logic
View the whole sectionEarth's Magnetic Field for Aviation: Variation, Dip, and Directive ForceAircraft Magnetic Field Effects: Deviation, Compensation, and Compass SwingDirect Reading Magnetic Compass (DRC): Turning and Acceleration ErrorsFlux Valve and Gyro-Magnetic Compass: Slaved and Free Modes
View the whole sectionGyroscope Basic Principles: Rigidity, Precession, and WanderTurn Indicator and Turn Coordinator: Rate-1 Turns, Slip, and SkidAttitude Indicator (Artificial Horizon): Erection Systems and ErrorsDirectional Gyro (DG): Heading Stability, Drift, and Re-SynchronizationRemote-Reading Compass Systems: Slaved Correction and Free ModeAHRS and Solid-State Gyros: MEMS Sensors and Attitude/Heading Computation
View the whole sectionInertial Navigation Basic Principles: INS, IRS, and Error BehaviourINS/IRS Alignment and Operation: NAV-ATT Modes and Drift Monitoring
View the whole sectionAFCS General Principles: Autopilot Loops, Modes, and Crew MonitoringAutopilot System Modes: Synchronization, TO/GA, CWS, and FMA AwarenessFlight Director Design and Operation: Command Bars, Modes, and Crew UseFlight Mode Annunciator (FMA): Active/Armed Modes and Mode AwarenessAutoland Systems: Fail-Passive/Fail-Operational Logic and Alert Height
View the whole sectionTrim Systems in Flight Control: Auto-Trim, Mach Trim, and Runaway ActionsYaw Damper Systems: Dutch Roll Damping and Rudder-Rate ControlFlight Envelope Protection (FEP): Stall, Overspeed, and G-Load Limits
View the whole sectionAutothrust System: Speed Mode, Thrust Mode, and Flight Protections
View the whole sectionVoice Communication and Data-Link Transmission: ACARS, CPDLC, and D-ATISFuture Air Navigation Systems (FANS): AFN, CPDLC, and ADS-C Contracts
View the whole sectionFMS Design and Architecture: Dual FMC Logic and 4D Trajectory ManagementFMC Databases: AIRAC Navigation Data and Performance ModelsFMS Operations and Limitations: Initialization, CI, LNAV/VNAV, and AccuracyCDU/MCDU Interface: Data Entry Logic, EXEC Workflow, and Redundancy
View the whole sectionAlerting Systems General Principles: Warning, Caution, and Advisory LogicFlight Warning Systems (FWS): Alert Priorities, CWS, and Crew ResponseStall Warning Systems (SWS): Detection Margins, Inputs, and AlertsStall Protection Systems (SPS): Stick Pusher and Active PreventionOverspeed Warning System: VMO/MMO Limits, Barber Pole, and Aural AlertsTake-off Configuration Warning (TOCW): Trigger Logic and Crew ChecksAltitude Alert System: Acquisition/Deviation Alerts and Legal RequirementsRadio Altimeter (RA): FMCW Principle, Integration, and Failure ImpactsGround-Proximity Warning Systems (GPWS/EGPWS): Modes, Terrain Logic, and EscapeACAS/TCAS: Traffic Advisories, Resolution Advisories, and Inhibitions
View the whole sectionElectronic Display Units in EFIS: Redundancy, Switching, and Priority LogicElectronic Flight Instrument Systems (EFIS): PFD/ND Modes and Standby LogicEICAS and ECAM: Engine Parameters, Alerts, and Electronic ChecklistsElectronic Flight Bag (EFB): Classes, Functions, and Operational RisksHUD, EVS, and SVS: Vision Technologies, Minima, and Limitations
View the whole sectionCockpit Voice Recorder (CVR): Recording Scope, Activation, and SurvivabilityFlight Data Recorder (FDR): Mandatory Parameters, Event Marks, and UseMaintenance and Monitoring Systems: ACMS Data Use and FDM Safety Analytics
View the whole sectionDigital Circuits and Computers: CPU, Memory, Buses, and Processing Models
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View the whole sectionAircraft Mass Limitations: Structural, Performance, and Operational EffectsCentre of Gravity (CG) Limitations: Stability, Control, and Recovery Margins
View the whole sectionMass and Balance Terminology: BEM, DOM, ZFM, TOM, and Fuel DefinitionsMass Limit Calculations: MTOM, MLM, MZFM, and Regulated Traffic LoadGeneral Mass Calculations: Fuel Density, Standard Masses, and LMC
View the whole sectionMass and Balance Documentation: Required Content and Compliance UseAircraft Weighing Procedure: Empty Mass and CG DeterminationBEM and CG Data Extraction: Using Aircraft Documentation Correctly
View the whole sectionCG Calculation Methods: Mathematical, Graphical, and Electronic ApproachesLoad and Trim Sheet: Legal Mass-Balance Record and Take-off TrimRepositioning the CG: Mass-Shift Formula and Practical Corrections
View the whole sectionAir Cargo Types: General, Special, Dangerous Goods, and ULD UseCargo Floor and Running Load Limits: Structural Protection CalculationsLoad Securement: Restraint Methods, Locks, and Required Load Factors
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View the whole sectionATPL Performance: Legislation and Regulatory FrameworkATPL Performance: General Theory and Flight ForcesATPL Performance: Level Flight, Range, and EnduranceATPL Performance: Climb Performance FundamentalsATPL Performance: Descent and Glide Performance
View the whole sectionPerformance Class B (CS-23): Airworthiness RequirementsPerformance Class B (CS-23): Take-off and Landing TheoryPerformance Class B (CS-23): Climb, Cruise, and Descent Theory
View the whole sectionPerformance Class B (CS-23): Use of Aeroplane Performance Data
View the whole sectionPerformance Class A (CS-25): Take-off TheoryPerformance Class A (CS-25): Climb TheoryPerformance Class A (CS-25): Cruise TheoryPerformance Class A (CS-25): En-route One-Engine-Inoperative (OEI) TheoryPerformance Class A (CS-25): Descent TheoryPerformance Class A (CS-25): Approach and Landing Theory
View the whole sectionPerformance Class A (CS-25): Take-off Data ApplicationPerformance Class A (CS-25): Drift-Down and Stabilizing Altitude DataPerformance Class A (CS-25): Landing Data Application
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View the whole sectionVFR Flight Planning
View the whole sectionIFR Flight Planning
View the whole sectionFuel Planning General PrinciplesCommercial Pre-Flight Fuel PlanningFuel Calculation Procedures
View the whole sectionNOTAM BriefingMeteorological BriefingPET and PSR Calculations
View the whole sectionIndividual Flight Plan (FPL)Repetitive Flight Plan (RPL)
View the whole sectionFlight MonitoringIn-Flight Re-Planning
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View the whole sectionHuman Factors in AviationFlight Safety ConceptsSafety Culture
View the whole sectionFlight Physiology BasicsSensory Systems and IllusionsHealth and Hygiene
View the whole sectionHuman Information ProcessingHuman Error TypesAviation Decision MakingCockpit Management (CRM/TEM)Human Behaviour and LeadershipStress and WorkloadAutomation and Human Performance
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View the whole sectionComposition, extent, vertical divisionAir temperatureAtmospheric pressureAir Density in Aviation: Definition, Values and Performance EffectsInternational Standard Atmosphere (ISA): Lapse Rate, Temperature and PressureAltimetry
View the whole sectionDefinition and measurement of windPrimary cause of windGeneral global circulationLocal windsMountain wavesTurbulenceJet Streams: Characteristics and Aviation Impact
View the whole sectionHumidityChange of state of waterAdiabatic processes
View the whole sectionCloud formation and descriptionFog, mist, haze
View the whole sectionDevelopment of precipitationTypes of precipitation
View the whole sectionAir massesFronts
View the whole sectionThe principal pressure areasAnticycloneNon-frontal Depressions: Secondary Depression and Low-Pressure SystemsTropical Revolving Storms: Formation, Structure and Aviation Hazards
View the whole sectionClimatic zonesTropical climatologyTypical weather situations in the mid-latitudesLocal winds and associated weather
View the whole sectionIcingTurbulenceWind Shear in Aviation: Definition, Causes and HazardsThunderstormsTornadoesInversionsStratospheric conditionsHazards in mountainous areasVisibility-Reducing Phenomena in Aviation
View the whole sectionMeteorological ObservationWeather chartsInformation for flight planningMeteorological services
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View the whole sectionEarth Geometry, Seasons, and Magnetic VariationPosition Fixing: Latitude, Longitude, and WGS-84Direction, Magnetic Course, and Compass PointsNautical Miles and Distance CalculationAirspeed and Groundspeed in Flight NavigationTriangle of Velocities (TOV): Wind Correction and TrackDead Reckoning (DR): Position Estimation in FlightClimb and Descent Navigation: Time, Speed, and Distance
View the whole sectionVFR Ground Features and Pilotage ReferencesVFR Navigation Techniques: Pilotage, Timing, and Map Reading
View the whole sectionGreat Circle Routes vs Rhumb Lines in AviationRhumb Lines: Constant Heading NavigationGreat Circle and Rhumb Line Conversion Angle
View the whole sectionAeronautical Chart Requirements for Flight NavigationAeronautical Map Projections for Air NavigationPractical Use of Aeronautical Charts
View the whole sectionLocal Mean Time (LMT): Aviation Time ConversionStandard Time, UTC, and Time Zones in AviationSunrise, Sunset, and Solar Time
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View the whole sectionRadio Propagation Basics for Aviation NavigationAviation Antennas: Types, Patterns, and UseRadio Wave Propagation in Aviation
View the whole sectionGround Direction Finding (DF) in AviationNDB and ADF in AviationVOR, CVOR, DVOR, and VOR Frequency RangeDistance Measuring Equipment (DME): Slant Range and UseInstrument Landing System (ILS): Localizer and Glide SlopeMicrowave Landing System (MLS) in Aviation
View the whole sectionRadar Pulse Techniques: Range and TimingGround Radar in Air Traffic SurveillanceAirborne Weather Radar: Operation and LimitationsSecondary Surveillance Radar and Transponder
View the whole sectionGlobal Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) for AviationGNSS Augmentation Systems: SBAS, GBAS, and ABAS
View the whole sectionPBN Concept (ICAO Doc 9613): RNAV, RNP, and Use CasesRNAV and RNP Navigation SpecificationsUse of Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) in OperationsPerformance-Based Navigation (PBN) OperationsRNAV and RNP Requirements for RNP Approaches
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View the whole sectionICAO Annex 6 - Operation of AircraftGeneral Operational RequirementsLong Range & Polar Operations
View the whole sectionOperations Manual (OM)Icing Conditions & De-icingBird Strike RiskNoise Abatement ProceduresFire and Smoke ProceduresDecompression ProceduresWind Shear & MicroburstWake TurbulenceSecurity & Unlawful InterferenceEmergency Landing & DitchingFuel JettisoningDangerous Goods (DG)Contaminated Runways
View the whole sectionSpecialised Operations (SPO)
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View the whole sectionAerodynamics: Basics & DefinitionsAirflow around an Aerofoil (2D)Aerodynamic Coefficients3D Airflow & Induced DragTotal DragGround EffectRelationship between CL and SpeedCLMAX Augmentation (High Lift Devices)Reducing CL-CD RatioAerodynamic Degradation
View the whole sectionHigh Speed Flight: DefinitionsShock WavesExceeding Critical Mach (M_crit)Influencing Critical Mach (Increase M_crit)
View the whole sectionThe StallBuffet Onset & Flight EnvelopeStall Scenarios
View the whole sectionStatic & Dynamic StabilityLongitudinal StabilityDirectional StabilityLateral StabilityDynamic Lateral-Directional Stability
View the whole sectionFlight Controls: OverviewPitch Control (Elevator)Yaw Control (Rudder)Roll Control (Ailerons)Roll-Yaw InteractionReducing Control ForcesFly-By-Wire (FBW)Trimming and Control Forces
View the whole sectionOperating LimitationsManoeuvring Envelope (V-n Diagram)Gust Envelope
View the whole sectionPropeller Basics: Torque to ThrustPropeller Engine FailurePower Absorption DesignSecondary Propeller Effects
View the whole sectionForces in FlightAsymmetric Thrust MechanicsPolar Curve Points
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View the whole sectionAeronautical Communication Associated Terms and Message Priorities
View the whole sectionICAO Radiotelephony Transmission Standards and Phraseology
View the whole sectionAerodrome Weather Information and ATIS: METAR Wind Direction True vs Magnetic
View the whole sectionVoice Communication Failure (SERA.14083): Required Actions, 7601 and 20-Minute Rule
View the whole sectionDistress and Urgency Signals (MAYDAY/PAN PAN) and Procedures
View the whole sectionVHF Airband Propagation and Frequency Allocation: General Principles
View the whole sectionWeather Observations and Navaid Morse Code in Aviation

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