# Cockpit Management (CRM/TEM)

> Crew Resource Management and Threat & Error Management.

- **Subject:** 040 — Human Performance Limitations
- **Section:** 040-03 — Basic Aviation Psychology
- **Topic code:** 040-03-04
- **Last reviewed:** 2026-04-01
- **Author:** Pablo Asensio Martínez
- **HTML version:** https://pilotsyllabus.com/en/human-performance-limitations/basic-aviation-psychology/avoiding-and-managing-errors-cockpit-management/

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## Cockpit Resource Management (CRM)

![Cockpit Austrian Airlines](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Cockpit_Austrian_Airlines.jpg)

The effective use of all available resources (hardware, software, liveware) to achieve safe and efficient flight operations.
*   Originally focused on the cockpit, now "Crew" Resource Management (includes cabin crew, dispatch, ATC).
*   **Skills**: Communication, Leadership, Situational Awareness, Decision Making.

## Threat and Error Management (TEM)
A practical framework for safety.
1.  **Threats**: Events beyond the influence of the crew (Weather, ATC error, Malfunction).
    *   *Goal*: Anticipate and Avoid.
2.  **Errors**: Actions or inactions by the crew that lead to deviation (Wrong frequency, wrong altitude).
    *   *Goal*: Detect and Correct (Trap).
3.  **Undesired Aircraft States (UAS)**: The result of an unmanaged threat or error (Unstable approach, deviations).
    *   *Goal*: Mitigate and Recover.

## Countermeasures
*   **Checklists**: Trap memory errors.
*   **Briefings**: Anticipate threats.
*   **Callouts**: Detect deviations.
*   **SOPs**: Standardize behaviour to reduce errors.

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Free study notes from pilotsyllabus.com. Not a substitute for training at an approved ATO.